Jika kalian dihadapkan pada situasi yang pernah saya alami, mungkin kalian dapat terbantu dengan format presentasi yang telah saya buat di bawah ini :
1. Salam pembuka
2. Pembuka ( Misal : Selamat pagi ibu Pembina PPBN SMA 1 Kudus, Selamat pagi kakak-kakak senior PPBN SMA 1 Kudus, dan selamat pagi teman-teman)
3. Memperkenalkan diri / Kelompok (Pd pagi hari ini, kami akan mempresentasikan sebuah barang yang telah kami persiapkan sejak kemarin. Sebelumnya saya akan memperkenalkan anggota kelompok kami. Yang pertama saya sendiri . . . . , kemudian yang kedua . . . . , yang ketiga . . . . , selanjutnya ada . . . . , . . . . , . . . . , dan yang terakhir . . . . )
4. Barang yang akan diceritakan
Barang yang kami bawa sekarang ini adalah buku. Mungkin buku sangat familiar bagi kita semua. Tapi taukah kalian, apa hubungannya dengan bela Negara ? Sebelum kita membahas buku, sebaiknya kita bahas terlebih dahulu apa yg dimaksud dengan bela Negara.
Bela Negara merupakan sikap dan perilaku setiap warga Negara dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan Negara yang dijiwai oleh kecintaan pada negara. Upaya bela Negara wajib dilakukan oleh seluruh warga Negara. Upaya bela Negara dpt dilakukan antara lain dg Latihan Dasar Kemiliteran, pengabdian sbg prajurit TNI, ataupun dengan pengabdian sesuai profesi.
Dari contoh tersebut, yang paling cocok dengan keadaan kita saat ini adalah dengan pengabdian sesuai profesi. Seperti yang telah kita ketahui, profesi kita saat ini adalah sebagai pelajar. Dan sebagai pelajar, kita mempunyai kewajiban untuk belajar. Jadi, kita dapat melakukan upaya bela negara dengan belajar giat agar kita menjadi cerdas dan kita dapat menjaga, mempertahankan serta mengharumkan nama bangsa kita.
Berbicara mengenai belajar, kita telah melakukannya setiap hari bersama-sama. Baik saat mengikuti pelajaran biasa, pelajaran tambahan, ataupun les di lembaga bimbingan. Dari semua kegiatan tersebut, kita pasti membutuhkan buku. Baik buku catatan, maupun buku cetak seperti yang kami bawa saat ini.
Selain guru, buku juga dapat memberi kita informasi tentang dunia luar. Buku dapat memberi kita segudang ilmu yang bermanfaat. Dapatkah kalian membayangkan bagaimana dunia ini jika tidak ada buku ? Mungkin pada zaman dahulu sebelum kemunculan buku, manusia di dunia ini khususnya di Indonesia bisa belajar tanpa buku.
Hal tersebut dapat terjadi karena di Indonesia, mata pelajaran yang ada hanya sedikit. Tetapi di era modern seperti sekarang ini, di mana mata pelajaran yang ada jumlahnya mencapai belasan bahkan puluhan buku sangat penting bagi kita semua.
Saat ini keberadaan buku juga telah tersaingi dengan kemunculan internet. Itu terjadi karena internet menawarkan berbagai informasi dari berbagai belahan dunia. Tetapi, fakta yang ada telah membuktikan bahwa buku tetap menjadi pilihan para siswa saat belajar. Buktinya, yang setiap hari selalu kita bawa adalah buku, yang dipakai guru sebagai acuan juga buku, yang lebih banyak kita bawa adalah buku. Jadi kita tdk dpt menyangkal bahwa buku penting bagi kita sebagai pelajar.
5. Kesimpulan
Jadi, setelah kita membahas pentingnya buku bagi kita semua, kita dapat menarik kesimpulan bahwa tanpa buku bangsa kita akan bodoh. Dan bangsa yang bodoh tidak akan bisa menjaga, mempertahankan serta mengharumkan nama bangsanya.
Akan tetapi, kesadaran masing-masing individu juga diperlukan. Karena, sebanyak apapun bukus yang kita miliki, kita tidak akan menjadi cerdas, karena kita tidak pernah menyentuh apalagi membacannya. Alangkah baiknya jika setelah kita memiliki buku itu, kita membaca dan mempelajarinya agar kita menjadi bangsa yang cerdas yang bisa menjaga, mempertahankan serta mengharumkan nama bangsanya. Jadilah orang yang berguna bagi semua orang. Buatlah mereka bangga akan kehadiranmu.
6. Penutup ( Misal : Demikian presenrasi dari kelompok kami, apabila ada kata-kata yg kurang berkenan kami mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya ).
7. Salam Penutup
Catatan :
> Sblm menjelaskan tentang bela negara kalau bisa menjelaskan tentang PPBN.
Beberapa waktu yang lalu, saya dihadapkan pada situasi di mana saya diwajibkan membawa sebuah barang dan diwajibkan pula untuk mempresentasikan barang tersebut.
saya membawa dua buah buku, dan mempresentasikannya di depan teman2 seperjuangan saya.
Semoga berguna bagi kalian.
Monday, November 15, 2010
Sunday, September 26, 2010
A Classification of the Bacteria
These 400 pages are reserved for a complete classification of the bacteria for non-professionals.
This section undertakes to present a somewhat simplified classification of all the known bacteria to give the advanced high school student or amateur a good overview of the genera of known bacteria. on a semi-professional level. When completed, this should give the serious college student a good understanding of the bacteria with emphasis on the overall picture and most important species.
I hope to keep it simple enough for students, farmers, and others to benefit. It is intended for such people. The professionals have their own reference books. These pages can never replace those books. This section is intended for those who do not have any reference books.
The Bergey Classification of Bacteria
Bergey Division I = The Cyanobacteria (formerly the blue-green alga) - These bacteria can use light as their energy source under aerobic conditions. The use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
Bergey Division II = The Bacteria (includes the photobacteria and all other classical bacteria) - See the 19 parts below.
Archeobacteria = in the 8th Edition (1974) the archeobacteria were mixed within the 19 parts of the book. I have not yet decided how to handle these bacteria.
The Bergey Classification of Bacteria into 19 parts.
Phototrophic Bacteria: Rhodospirillum - Rhodopseudomonas - Chromatium
Gliding Bacteria: Myxococcus - Beggiatoa - Simonsiella - Leucothrix
Sheathed Bacteria: Sphaerotilus - Leptothrix
Budding / Appendaged Bacteria: Caulobacter - Gallionella
Spirochetes: Spirochaeta - Treponema - Borrelia
Spiral and Curved Bacteria: Spirillum - Auqaspirillum - Oceanospirillum - Bdellovibrio
Gram-negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonas - Xanthanomonas - Zoogloea - Gluconobacter - Azotobacter - Rhizobium - Agrobacterium - Halobacterium - Acetobacter
Gram-Negative Facultative Anaerobic Rods: Escherichia - Citrobacter - Salmonella - Shigella - Klebsiella - Enterobacter - Serratia - Proteus - Yersinia - Erwinia - Vibrio - Aeromonas - Zymomonas - Chromobacterium - Flavobacterium -
Gram-negative anaerobes: Bacteriodes - Fusobacterium - Desulfovibrio - Succinimonas
Gram-Negative cocci: Nisseria - Branhamella - Acinetobacter - Paracoccus
Gram-negative anaerobic cocci: Veillonella - Acidaminococcus
Gram-Negative Chemolithotrophic: Nitrobacter - Thiobacillus - Siderocapsa
Methane producing:
Gram-Positive Cocci: Micrococcus - Staphylococcus - Streptococcus - Leuconostoc - Pediococcus - Aerococcus - Peptococcus - Ruminococcus - Sarcina
Endospore-forming Rods and cocci: Bacillus - Clostridium - Sporosarcina
Gram-positive, non-sporing rods: Lactobacillus - Listeria - Erysipelothrix - Caryophanon
Actinomycetes and Related: Corynebacterium - Arthobacter - Brevibacterium - Cellumonas - Kurthia - Propionibacterium - Eubacterium - Actinomyces - Archina - Bifidiobacterium - Rothia - Mycobacterium - Frankia - Streptosporangia - Nocardia - Streptomyces - Streptoverticillium - Micromonospora
Rickettsias: Rickettsia - Erhlichia - Wollbachia - Bartonella - Chlamydia
Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma - Acoleplasma - Thermplasma - Spiroplasma
B800 - Medical bacteriology; move pathogenic discussions here - not ready (incomplete)
Introduction to bacteria pathogenic to humans- Required reading for safety
B801 - First micro safety page for beginners - required reading for safety
B802 - Safety page for High School and Begin College students
B??? - lists of pathogenic bacteria class 1,2,3, 0=no report of disease
B0?? - The pathogenic bacteria: disease causing bacteria, plants and animals, microbiol. safety
This section undertakes to present a somewhat simplified classification of all the known bacteria to give the advanced high school student or amateur a good overview of the genera of known bacteria. on a semi-professional level. When completed, this should give the serious college student a good understanding of the bacteria with emphasis on the overall picture and most important species.
I hope to keep it simple enough for students, farmers, and others to benefit. It is intended for such people. The professionals have their own reference books. These pages can never replace those books. This section is intended for those who do not have any reference books.
The Bergey Classification of Bacteria
Bergey Division I = The Cyanobacteria (formerly the blue-green alga) - These bacteria can use light as their energy source under aerobic conditions. The use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
Bergey Division II = The Bacteria (includes the photobacteria and all other classical bacteria) - See the 19 parts below.
Archeobacteria = in the 8th Edition (1974) the archeobacteria were mixed within the 19 parts of the book. I have not yet decided how to handle these bacteria.
The Bergey Classification of Bacteria into 19 parts.
Phototrophic Bacteria: Rhodospirillum - Rhodopseudomonas - Chromatium
Gliding Bacteria: Myxococcus - Beggiatoa - Simonsiella - Leucothrix
Sheathed Bacteria: Sphaerotilus - Leptothrix
Budding / Appendaged Bacteria: Caulobacter - Gallionella
Spirochetes: Spirochaeta - Treponema - Borrelia
Spiral and Curved Bacteria: Spirillum - Auqaspirillum - Oceanospirillum - Bdellovibrio
Gram-negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci: Pseudomonas - Xanthanomonas - Zoogloea - Gluconobacter - Azotobacter - Rhizobium - Agrobacterium - Halobacterium - Acetobacter
Gram-Negative Facultative Anaerobic Rods: Escherichia - Citrobacter - Salmonella - Shigella - Klebsiella - Enterobacter - Serratia - Proteus - Yersinia - Erwinia - Vibrio - Aeromonas - Zymomonas - Chromobacterium - Flavobacterium -
Gram-negative anaerobes: Bacteriodes - Fusobacterium - Desulfovibrio - Succinimonas
Gram-Negative cocci: Nisseria - Branhamella - Acinetobacter - Paracoccus
Gram-negative anaerobic cocci: Veillonella - Acidaminococcus
Gram-Negative Chemolithotrophic: Nitrobacter - Thiobacillus - Siderocapsa
Methane producing:
Gram-Positive Cocci: Micrococcus - Staphylococcus - Streptococcus - Leuconostoc - Pediococcus - Aerococcus - Peptococcus - Ruminococcus - Sarcina
Endospore-forming Rods and cocci: Bacillus - Clostridium - Sporosarcina
Gram-positive, non-sporing rods: Lactobacillus - Listeria - Erysipelothrix - Caryophanon
Actinomycetes and Related: Corynebacterium - Arthobacter - Brevibacterium - Cellumonas - Kurthia - Propionibacterium - Eubacterium - Actinomyces - Archina - Bifidiobacterium - Rothia - Mycobacterium - Frankia - Streptosporangia - Nocardia - Streptomyces - Streptoverticillium - Micromonospora
Rickettsias: Rickettsia - Erhlichia - Wollbachia - Bartonella - Chlamydia
Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma - Acoleplasma - Thermplasma - Spiroplasma
B800 - Medical bacteriology; move pathogenic discussions here - not ready (incomplete)
Introduction to bacteria pathogenic to humans- Required reading for safety
B801 - First micro safety page for beginners - required reading for safety
B802 - Safety page for High School and Begin College students
B??? - lists of pathogenic bacteria class 1,2,3, 0=no report of disease
B0?? - The pathogenic bacteria: disease causing bacteria, plants and animals, microbiol. safety
Structure and Classification of Viruses
General Concepts
Structure and Function
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses may be viewed as mobile genetic elements, most probably of cellular origin and characterized by a long co-evolution of virus and host. For propagation viruses depend on specialized host cells supplying the complex metabolic and biosynthetic machinery of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. A complete virus particle is called a virion. The main function of the virion is to deliver its DNA or RNA genome into the host cell so that the genome can be expressed (transcribed and translated) by the host cell. The viral genome, often with associated basic proteins, is packaged inside a symmetric protein capsid. The nucleic acid-associated protein, called nucleoprotein, together with the genome, forms the nucleocapsid. In enveloped viruses, the nucleocapsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer derived from the modified host cell membrane and studded with an outer layer of virus envelope glycoproteins.
Classification of Viruses
Morphology: Viruses are grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome, and mode of replication. Helical morphology is seen in nucleocapsids of many filamentous and pleomorphic viruses. Helical nucleocapsids consist of a helical array of capsid proteins (protomers) wrapped around a helical filament of nucleic acid. Icosahedral morphology is characteristic of the nucleocapsids of many “spherical” viruses. The number and arrangement of the capsomeres (morphologic subunits of the icosahedron) are useful in identification and classification. Many viruses also have an outer envelope.
Chemical Composition and Mode of Replication: The genome of a virus may consist of DNA or RNA, which may be single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds), linear or circular. The entire genome may occupy either one nucleic acid molecule (monopartite genome) or several nucleic acid segments (multipartite genome). The different types of genome necessitate different replication strategies.
Nomenclature
Aside from physical data, genome structure and mode of replication are criteria applied in the classification and nomenclature of viruses, including the chemical composition and configuration of the nucleic acid, whether the genome is monopartite or multipartite. The genomic RNA strand of single-stranded RNA viruses is called sense (positive sense, plus sense) in orientation if it can serve as mRNA, and antisense (negative sense, minus sense) if a complementary strand synthesized by a viral RNA transcriptase serves as mRNA. Also considered in viral classification is the site of capsid assembly and, in enveloped viruses, the site of envelopment.
Structure and Function
Viruses are small obligate intracellular parasites, which by definition contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat. Viruses may be viewed as mobile genetic elements, most probably of cellular origin and characterized by a long co-evolution of virus and host. For propagation viruses depend on specialized host cells supplying the complex metabolic and biosynthetic machinery of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. A complete virus particle is called a virion. The main function of the virion is to deliver its DNA or RNA genome into the host cell so that the genome can be expressed (transcribed and translated) by the host cell. The viral genome, often with associated basic proteins, is packaged inside a symmetric protein capsid. The nucleic acid-associated protein, called nucleoprotein, together with the genome, forms the nucleocapsid. In enveloped viruses, the nucleocapsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer derived from the modified host cell membrane and studded with an outer layer of virus envelope glycoproteins.
Classification of Viruses
Morphology: Viruses are grouped on the basis of size and shape, chemical composition and structure of the genome, and mode of replication. Helical morphology is seen in nucleocapsids of many filamentous and pleomorphic viruses. Helical nucleocapsids consist of a helical array of capsid proteins (protomers) wrapped around a helical filament of nucleic acid. Icosahedral morphology is characteristic of the nucleocapsids of many “spherical” viruses. The number and arrangement of the capsomeres (morphologic subunits of the icosahedron) are useful in identification and classification. Many viruses also have an outer envelope.
Chemical Composition and Mode of Replication: The genome of a virus may consist of DNA or RNA, which may be single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds), linear or circular. The entire genome may occupy either one nucleic acid molecule (monopartite genome) or several nucleic acid segments (multipartite genome). The different types of genome necessitate different replication strategies.
Nomenclature
Aside from physical data, genome structure and mode of replication are criteria applied in the classification and nomenclature of viruses, including the chemical composition and configuration of the nucleic acid, whether the genome is monopartite or multipartite. The genomic RNA strand of single-stranded RNA viruses is called sense (positive sense, plus sense) in orientation if it can serve as mRNA, and antisense (negative sense, minus sense) if a complementary strand synthesized by a viral RNA transcriptase serves as mRNA. Also considered in viral classification is the site of capsid assembly and, in enveloped viruses, the site of envelopment.
Saturday, September 18, 2010
Novel Soulmate (by Delia Angela)
Judul : Soulmate
Pengarang : Delia Angela
Tahun Terbit : 2009
Penerbit : Penerbit Milestone
Jumlah halaman : 170 hlm.
Desain sampul: Gunawan
Tahun Terbit : 2009
Penerbit : Penerbit Milestone
Jumlah halaman : 170 hlm.
Desain sampul: Gunawan
Sebagai reviewer novel-novel teenlit, saya sadar kalau saya tidak bisa selalu terpaku pada novel terbitan penerbit besar. Apabila saya terlalu terfokus pada penerbit gigantik yang populer, bagaimana mungkin saya bisa membuat sebuah perbandingan? Itulah sebabnya saya juga melirik novel yang diterbitkan oleh penerbit yang kurang ternama sehingga saya bisa lebih objektif dalam mebuat penilaian. Pilihan saya pun jatuh pada novel karya Delia Angela, Soulmate. Kenapa saya memilih untuk membaca novel ini? Alasannya sederhana saja, karena nama karakter cowoknya sama dengan nama karakter cowok di novel saya, Aldo (subjektif sekali, yah?). Anyway, mari kita mulai saja pembahasannya....
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